Reducing chemical exposures at home: opportunities for action - personal care electronics

The indoor environment will affect the environmental chemical exposure of the human body and ultimately affect public health.
Chemicals are contained in furniture, electronics, personal care and cleaning products, floor coverings and other consumer goods that may eventually enter the indoor air and create dust.
Chemicals of consumer goods, such as benzene Ester, phenol, flame retardant and per-
In the general population of the United States, including vulnerable populations, polyfluoride substances are widely detected and are associated with adverse health effects such as reproductive and endocrine toxicity.
We talked about our recent yuan-
Describe the exposure patterns of chemicals in the indoor environment and the analysis of the prevalence of multiple chemicals.
To reduce the likelihood of exposure to these toxic chemicals, we then discussed ways to reduce exposure: targeting changes in personal behavior in the consumer market, family maintenance and purchase decisions, consumer advocacy and corporate responsibility, regulatory action through state/federal policy.
Evidence for further development-
Chemical exposure reduction strategies based on these areas, taking into account
The nature of the problem.
Further identify those at greatest risk;
Understand the personal, family and community factors that affect indoor chemical exposure;
Moreover, the development of risk mitigation programmes may significantly improve the risk and health of individuals.
Indoor environment and population health humans have access to environmental contaminants from many different sources, including outdoor air, water, diet and a variety of environments where we spend our time.
Given that people in developed countries spend more than 90% of their time indoors, one indoor environment has made a significant contribution to human environmental exposure and ultimately population health.
Consumer goods including furniture, electronics, personal care and cleaning products, as well as floor and wall coverings containing chemicals that can dissolve, migrate or fall off
Gas from the product, eventually into the indoor air and dust.
Three people can then breathe in these chemicals, take in tiny dust that contains them, and even absorb them through the skin.
4 due to the activities of infants and young children (e. g. , hands-to-
The mouth plays on the floor) and physiology (higher breathing rate, for example ).
5 chemicals of consumer goods such as benzene Ester, phenol, flame retardant and per-
It is widely detected in the general population of the United States, including vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and children ).
6 7 exposure to one or more of these chemicals is associated with adverse health effects, including reproductive injury, endocrine disruption, and impaired neurodevelopment in children.
9 Therefore, the economic burden of endocrine on health
In the United States, it is estimated that the destruction of chemicals, such as neighboring benzene Ester and flame retardant, exceeds US dollars per year.
Many consumers believe that chemicals in their products have been tested for toxicity before entering the market, but this is a misconception.
In most cases, limited pre-
Market safety tests were conducted, and although there is evidence of potential health risks, the chemicals we describe here are not widely used in consumer goods.
Therefore, improvements are needed to translate existing evidence into effective contact reduction interventions. Our recent yuan
The analysis of the indoor environment in the United States emphasizes the scale and complexity of human exposure to indoor pollutants.
We identified 45 consumer goods chemicals from five chemical categories that were measured in US indoor dust from three or more data sets.
In a number of studies, at least 90% of dust samples were constantly found in some neighboring benzene Ester, Spice chemicals, flame retardant and phenol, indicating the prevalence in indoor environments.
We pay attention to dust because it provides a window for the presence of chemicals in the chamber, and the concentration of chemical dust can be used in zoning models to estimate indoor air concentration and total residential intake with reasonable accuracy.
Dust is the main route of exposure for some chemicals (such as flame retardant), especially for children. In our meta-
The analysis found that the concentration of phthalates was the highest, followed by phenol, flame retardant chemicals, spices and PFASs.
It is estimated that the highest intake of residential buildings is several neighboring benzene Ester and flame retardant.
The findings suggest that people, especially children, are exposed to multiple chemicals in dust known or suspected health effects every day.
It is also possible to have cumulative effects due to the joint action of many chemicals
Occurs in an indoor environment and can lead to common adverse consequences.
There is therefore reason to worry about the exposure of the general population to these chemicals, which come from a wide range of sources.
Although the physical and chemical properties of these compounds have been determined to affect their concentration, distribution and longevity in any indoor environment, the features of our family and how we use them are the starting point for reducing exposure and risk.
Building features, consumer goods selection, and product usage patterns can also have an impact on indoor environmental chemistry levels.
All of these determinants have the potential to change through the actions of individuals and institutions.
Specific building materials are known contributors to indoor exposure.
For example, for families built with PVC flooring and wall covering materials, the content of neighboring benzene Ester in indoor dust is high.
Special consumer goods brought into the home may also affect the quality of the indoor environment.
Products containing polyurethane foam, such as baby products 15 and larger sofas, 16 and electronics and household appliances, 17 are related to higher flame retardant concentrations in dust.
Stain-proof treatment of the carpet can lead to PFAS levels in indoor dust, and scented cleaning products can lead to exposure of synthetic spices in the room.
3 The prevalence of chemical sources and the use and maintenance of the environment affect the level of human exposure.
For example, in communities with lower socio-economic status, high outdoor exposure sources, dilapidated housing stock, old furniture, high residential density and poor ventilation may amplify the indoor environmental exposure curve, the concerns of these communities about environmental justice have been further exacerbated.
The difference in chemical content related to the quality of lower-priced furniture and other products may be another way for low SES home exposure levels to rise.
Due to the relative importance of the indoor environment to the total exposure of many chemicals, identifying effective strategies to reduce these exposures may be of great benefit to occupants.
Considering more
In this article, we will discuss strategies for individual, family, consumer market or state/federal policy.
When we rely on a proven strategy
Based on this, there is a significant data gap in the effectiveness of these strategies in different populations and chemical categories.
A number of separate levels of strategies have been developed around specific categories of chemicals that may apply to other chemical categories with similar source and physical and chemical properties.
In some cases, individuals can change their behavior to reduce exposure to contaminants already present at home.
For example, hand washing, especially before meals, greatly reduces the chance of exposure to flame retardant chemicals and other semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), especially in children.
Making smart choices in personal care products can also reduce personal contact.
Individuals can choose to simplify their procedures so as to eliminate potential exposure (e. g. , to avoid scented products) or identify alternative products without chemicals.
22 several free consumer guides have been created to help consumers identify "healthy" products in the market;
However, while these guidelines collect a lot of information for consumers, they generally do not focus on prices and do not rely on independent testing, instead, it depends on the same product ingredient label that is proved inaccurate for certain chemicals.
23 due to these gaps, guidelines and mobile apps (apps) designed to help consumers change their behavior may be most effective in reducing risk.
Contact reduction strategies at the family level are important for all family members, especially children.
Wiping the surface with a damp cloth can reduce the dust load, thus reducing the amount of contaminants in contact with the dust.
Clean the floor frequently with a damp mop or vacuum cleaner
Efficient particle filters can also reduce dust.
25 26 In addition, careful selection of household products and building materials has proven to be effective.
For example, bare floors contain less contaminants than carpeted floors, 27 floors, and carpeted floors, which are associated with worsening asthma symptoms.
28 however, children living in families containing neighboring benzene salts
Vinyl-containing flooring is a replacement for carpets, and asthma symptoms are more severe than those of family children without vinyl flooring.
14 29 with this in mind, transparency in the market is required in order to be able to thoroughly assess alternatives to chemicals of concern in terms of efficacy and health effects in order to avoid regrettable alternatives.
A regrettable alternative is to replace known toxic chemicals with another toxic chemical that has been shown to be harmful to human health or the environment.
Unlike volatile organic compounds, increasing ventilation is generally not considered to be the primary strategy for reducing exposure to SVOC in-room because of their physical properties and division of non-
Airborne reservoirs such as household dust.
However, ventilation is more likely to remove SVOCs adsorbed on air particles and remove fresh air emissions from sources remaining in use.
While this method may not be able to effectively repair the dust, it may reduce the overall exposure of the occupants.
The physical and chemical properties and the proportion of chemical quality in air and dust will determine the phase-
In terms of reducing exposure to specific SVOCs, the final effectiveness of specific removal rates and ventilation.
While individual and family-level actions can effectively reduce exposure, there are also serious restrictions.
For commonly used chemicals, such as neighboring benzene Ester, the source of exposure is complex, multiple, and partially unknown, even if strict modifications are made to product selection and personal behavior, it is possible
33 product labeling information may be inaccurate as described above;
In addition, in the United States, there is no need to disclose the chemical composition for a variety of products that may contain worrying chemicals, including cleaning products, building materials and furniture.
Market and regulatory strategies that address these restrictions are important ways to reduce population exposure.
Neighboring benzene Ester in cosmetics and children's products has been the target of publicity activities, and the 2008 legislation prohibits the inclusion of certain neighboring benzene Ester in toys and child care products.
34 analysis of national biometric data shows that, after some stages, there is a significant decrease in the population exposed to banned neighboring benzene ester --out.
Unfortunately, at the same time, exposure to other neighboring benzene compounds is increasing, and these appear to be regrettable alternatives, as substitution of neighboring benzene Ester has similar toxicity to prohibited neighboring benzene ester
35. to prevent regrettable substitution and to address emerging chemical problems, some consumer goods retailers and manufacturers have committed to removing all categories of hazardous chemicals such as Ester, flame retardant and fluoride chemicals from their supply chain
36 other companies have increased transparency by disclosing product ingredients online or on labels.
Thus, consumer advocacy for chemicals or focus categories can lead to meaningful policy changes and reduce engagement at the population level.
In order to provide consumers with better information to make product choices, some states, including California, Washington, Vermont and Maine, have passed laws requiring disclosure of worrying chemistry in furniture or children's products
Other 37-40 states imposed bans on certain flame retardant chemicals in these products.
41. Recent test data show that national regulatory action may result in a significant increase in furniture free of flame retardant.
A safer framework for chemical substitution is also being developed in 42 countries.
43 California's consumer safety program is the first project in the United States to try to avoid a regrettable alternative, and regulation requires companies to carefully choose the safest alternative to toxic chemicals.
44 Finally, at the federal level, significant amendments were made to the toxic substances Management Act (TSCA) in 2016, which regulates most industrial and consumer chemicals.
45 previously, TSCA was widely regarded as obsolete and invalid 46;
The new law may bring better protection to human and environmental health, but it depends on how it is implemented.
It is important that state and federal policies that limit toxic chemicals and promote safer alternatives apply to all products and are therefore an important part of the general population's strategy to reduce exposure, especially in the lower SES community.
The environmental health research community has invested significant resources to describe the exposure and health effects of consumer goods and other in-house chemicals on humanshome sources.
Based on cumulative and reliable evidence of exposure and adverse health effects associated with environmental chemicals, health professionals, environmental health scientists and public health advocates have called for action, prevent exposure to environmental chemicals that may threaten healthy reproduction and/or neurodevelopment.
Now is the time to put resources into developing evidence.
Basic strategies for reducing chemical exposure.
Effective and efficient interventions are required at individual, local, federal and global levels and may have to be tailored to specific communities.
In order to develop these interventions, we need to have a better understanding of who is at the greatest risk, the individual and community factors that affect these risks, and the options available to mitigate them.
One way to address these data gaps is to conduct a deeper survey of outliers, which often reflects a unique source of exposure for a small number of individuals.
Another approach is to increase the diversity of families in the socio-economic, racial, ethnic and geographic study of population health of consumer chemicals.
In general, these methods can help us identify and test effective strategies to reduce engagement, thereby increasing the evidence base for policies or actions.
Other solutions
Research-oriented and collaboration and creativity in the public, private and non-public sectors
It is possible for government departments to bring great benefits to human health.
What is known?
The indoor environment will affect the exposure of chemicals and public health of the human body.
Chemicals of consumer goods, such as benzene Ester, phenol, flame retardant and per-
In the general population of the United States, including vulnerable populations, polyfluoride substances are widely detected and are associated with adverse health effects such as reproductive and endocrine toxicity.
In most cases, although the consumer believes that the chemical has been tested, before the test
Conduct market safety testing of commercial chemicals.
Despite the evidence that there is a potential health risk, the chemicals we describe here are not widely used in general consumer goods.
What has been added to this study?
We recommend more than one
A two-pronged strategy to reduce exposure to toxic chemicals, including: targeting individual behavior changes, Family Maintenance and purchase decisions, consumer advocacy and corporate responsibility in the consumer market, and adoption through state/federal policies
We call for significant progress in translating existing scientific evidence into effective contact reduction interventions.
Future studies should further assess who is at the greatest risk of exposure to these home environmental chemicals, individual and community factors affecting these exposures, available options for mitigation and their effectiveness.
To gain potential benefits to human health from research and mitigation, we need input from the public, private and non-public sectors
Government departments.
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002 openurlcrossrefubmedfootnotesbeings ARZ, red, SDM, VS, GA conceptualised work together.
All authors have contributed to the writing and editing of the manuscript.
ARZ prepared the manuscript for publication.
The final manuscript was read and approved by all authors.
The work was funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences;
R00ES019881, T32ES007069), charitable donations to the Silent Spring Institute, the Cedar Foundation and the passport Foundation.
No one declared a competitive interest.
The source of the entrustment and peer review;
External peer review.