Neck muscle vibration induces lasting recovery in spatial neglect - personal care electronics

Objective: to evaluate whether neck muscle vibration is an effective technique for neglecting rehabilitation with lasting beneficial effects.
Methods: in a cross-study, differential therapeutic effects of visual exploration training, either alone or in combination with neck muscle vibration, were evaluated, and the study performed cross-examination of 10 left-side neglected patients matched in both groups
Each group received 15 consecutive exploratory training and combined therapy.
The effect of the treatment was assessed on the basis of different aspects of the neglect disorder, such as perceived impairment of the self-centered midline, exploratory defects in visual and tactile patterns, and visual dimensional distortion.
By reading the test and ignoring the relevant daily question questionnaire, the transfer of treatment effect to daily life activities was examined.
Six times were measured for all variables: three baseline measurements and two post-measurement
Treatment measures were followed up once two months later.
Results: the comprehensive treatment was effective.
In the visual mode, the symptoms of neglect are specifically and persistently reduced, which is transferred to the tactile mode, while the activities of daily life are also improved.
Two months after the end of the treatment, the improvement was evident.
In contrast, individual exploration training produces only a small therapeutic benefit in visual exploration, without any significant transfer effect on other tasks.
Conclusion: neck muscle vibration is a decisive factor in spatial neglect of rehabilitation, and when supplemented with routine exploratory training, it leads to a lasting recovery.
See edit comments, page 357. Twenty patients with right brain injury and left half brain neglect were involved in the study (Table 1 ).
They were admitted to the neurological rehabilitation hospital for long-term neglect and moderate to severe anemia.
Everything went well according to Edinburgh's inventory.
34 unilateral hemisphere lesions in each case were recorded by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.
See here: view the processing procedures for clinical data of inlineView popupTable month population and month neglect patients (CS, combination-standard; SC, standard-
Combination) none of the patients were alert for damage, confusion, general mental deterioration or mental illness for up to an hour, and none had a history of previous neurological illness.
All patients agreed to participate in the study, which was approved by the local ethics committee of Munich nerve Hospital --
Burgenhausen and bad Aylin.
All patients were screened using three ignore tests before treatment: line split, copy Rey-
Drawings and drawings.
Line segmentation and drawing follow the program of Schenkenberg et al.
35 lines, determine the total number of omissions of 18 lines and the average deviation score with the objective midline.
In the painting task, each patient was asked to draw a chrysanthemum, a clock face, a house and a face.
Two neuropsychologists who did not participate in the study rated the quality of the drawings.
The overall reliability between ratings is r = 0. 92. For the Rey-
The Osterrieth diagram applies the harmony score method, where only the number of omissions related to the items on the left and right side of the diagram is recorded.
In the analysis, 36 projects belonging to both parties were excluded.
The top 10 of the 20 consecutive admitted patients were randomly assigned to two groups of patients with different treatment sequences.
Due to the small sample size, the remaining patients were assigned to these groups by matching as closely as possible other members of the group to obtain clinical and demographic variables, as shown in Table 1, avoid any random deviation.
According to the Damasio template protocol, the lesion site matches the affected brain structure.
There was no statistical difference between the two groups in clinical and demographic data (Mann-Whitney U test ≥ 33. 0, p > 0. 05).
We use visual exploration training as a standard treatment condition.
This includes 5 40 minute meetings per week, consisting of four different procedures, in a fixed order, interspersed with short (5 minutes) breaks in the middle.
At the beginning of the course, on the horizontal and diagonal visual axes, smooth eye-chasing training is carried out in the direction of me and the opposite.
The patient was asked to follow the pencil performed by the therapist sitting in front of them slowly moving.
Following this task, two PC-based eye-scanning training programs were carried out to encourage the movement of the eye in the opposite direction quickly and accurately without any head movement.
In the first task, a small square in red or green randomly placed (0.
5 cm²) displayed on the PC screen.
The patient was asked to press one of the two buttons to indicate as soon as possible which color was rendered.
In the second task, a single word of variable length (three to eleven letters) is presented on the horizontal axis and must be read aloud.
In both tasks, the target heart rate, duration and predictability were adjusted according to the individual abilities and progress of the patient in the training programme.
The task difficulty increases when the patient gets a correct response of 75%.
In addition, compensatory visual training is performed on the wide-field visual display to expand the size of the visual search field and improve the visual search strategy on the opposite side and the affected side.
Starting from the neglected side, training patients to adopt a systematic spatial organization search strategy (row by row or column by column ).
This training is based on 100 specially designed slides with monitors (heart rate: 90 ° horizontal/60 ° vertical ), these slides vary in the overall number and size of stimuli and disruptors, the target-to-foil ratio, the similarity between stimuli, and the array configuration (system or mixing ).
Under the condition of comprehensive treatment, the patient underwent the same visual exploration training, while the neck muscles vibrated after contraction.
To stimulate, a vibrator (gear and Watson Electronics in haersham, East Sussex, UK) was used with a frequency of 80Hz and an amplitude of 0. 4 mm.
The tip of the vibrator is a flat disc with a diameter of 2 cm, which is placed on the back-side muscles of the subject's neck.
The exact position of the vibrator is individually adjusted to optimize the movement caused by the vibration of the center line of the body to perceive the position.
In the case of complete darkness, the ideal position is the maximum illusion of a fixed, centrally rendered horizontal to right displacement of the red light point.
This position of the neck is marked as a post-treatment performed under normal lighting.
Five tests were used to investigate the efficacy of treatment in different aspects of neglect syndrome.
Subjective Visual forward test (SSA) used SSA measurements to investigate deviations in perceived body midline in negligence and to test the patient's sensitivity to neck muscle vibration.
Each test condition starts in the case of complete darkness on the PC screen and a spot of light presented at ± 10 pseudo-random on the horizontal plane.
In 10 trials, the patient instructed the investigator to move the site to the "direct forward position" of their subjective perception ".
"38 measured the mean deviation of the angle of view.
The use of de-testing to study de-testing visual exploration is a standard clinical approach to assess the full width capability of scanning restricted visual search fields.
Patients received a high density array of 224 geometric stimuli (144 disruptors and 80 targets) on 29.
7x42 cm sheets of paper.
The task is to cancel 80 targets with a pencil with the right hand.
There is no time limit.
The number of targets detected was measured.
Tactile search performed this task to investigate possible cross-pattern transfer effects of two treatments on restricted non-scan behavior
Visual search field.
Subjects blindfolded must explore the surface of the horizontal semi-circular plate (radius 50 cm) in personal space ).
The surface consists of 72 geometric stimuli (square, round and triangular), 48 rough, 24 smooth and evenly distributed in four sectors.
The exploration begins with the index finger located at the center of the table and under the target, consisting of 24 squares with rough surfaces, identified with the thumb and index finger of the right hand.
When a patient encounters a target, they must inform the examiner verbally.
During the previous training phase, it has been determined that it is easy for the patient to distinguish the shape and surface of the object.
One meeting included two search trials.
The examiner recorded the number of targets detected correctly.
Indented text for examination of treatment transfer to non-treatment
• Training visual tasks and conducting indented paragraph reading tests to include important daily life activities.
Six parallel versions (270 to 275 words;
Arial font, point size 12;
Double line spacing of meaningful text )-
Printed on 21 × 29.
7 cm sheets of paper-
Used in random order during measurement.
Lines 21 to 24 are variable indented from the left and right edges with 0 to 25 spaces.
Patients are instructed to read the text as accurately as possible without using their fingers.
The number of all correctly read words is recorded.
In order to study neglect behavior unrelated to visual motion activity, a task of horizontal visual size estimation was performed.
39. the horizontal bar (3 × 1 cm) displayed on the computer display on the left side must be adjusted to match the horizontal length of the larger strip (6 × 1 cm) to be presented on the right side.
The subjects reached the match by verbally directing the experimenter to provide appropriate adjustments until the length looked equal (20 trials ).
The average percentage deviation from the reference rectangle is determined.
Visual spatial defects daily questions questionnaire in order to obtain supplementary information on potential therapeutic effects of neglect related daily life problems, the Towle and the villn40 questionnaires were revised and extended in German.
The questionnaire consists of 30 items and is divided into six subscales of the following problem categories: personal care;
Reach out and grasp;
Spatial orientation;
Time-oriented, lack of awareness.
In order to prevent any observed bias from the examiner, relatives of the patient or hospital staff (if the patient is a hospital resident) recorded the frequency of each problem occurring on each item.
The scores used are as follows: 0, never; 1, rarely; 2, sometimes; 3, often.
In the course of treatment and neglect assessment, performance is always monitored with the patient's head and body's vector face aligned with the Target Center of the given stimulus array.
The head position can be fixed with the chin or controlled manually.
Tasks with no time limit.
All PC-based tasks are performed on a 17 inch monitor at a distance of 30 cm.
In the cross-design, each patient received standard and combined treatment (Figure 1 ).
To distinguish between therapeutic effects and spontaneous recovery, the baseline period before treatment was three weeks.
After the end of the baseline period, half of the patients received 15 visual exploration training sessions.
In the second stage (15 times), this treatment is related to the vibration of the neck muscles (standard-combination; group SC).
The other half of the treatment group received reverse treatment (combination-standard; group CS).
In addition to the questionnaire, performance measures were measured six times: three baseline measurements, and two post-measurement
Treatment measures, followed up once two months later.
During the study, the questionnaire was administered four times: during the first baseline measurement (B1), after each treatment phase (T1/T2), and after the follow-up interval (F.
Download the new tabDownload figureOpen powerpointFigure monthly cross-study design.
The performance conversion time of different neglect tasks for statistical analysis was analyzed through a series of four independent repeated measures ANOVA (ANOVA), based on the group mean value at each measurement.
First, three baseline measurements were compared between the two treatment groups by two-way ANOVA (group × baseline.
Then, in the second step, we treated the sequence by using independent factors (first of all, combined therapy with v-standard therapy) and intra-
Time of factors measured (mean baseline v T1 v T2 ).
The ANOVA was re-performed using the mean baseline values of the ANOVA (ANCOVA.
Compared with the last follow-up
Treatment measurements were performed by two-way ANOVA (treatment sequence × measurement time. The Greenhouse-
Apply Geisser degree of freedom correction if appropriate.
For inner pairs
For inter-group comparison, the t-test of the paired sample was used (the double-tailed significance threshold set at p 0. 05).
Therefore, for results analysis, the mean values (SEM) of three baseline measurements in each group (CS group, 10 groups) were used ). 34 (1. 58)°; group SC, 10. 12 (0. 94)°).
Download figureOpen in the new tabDownload powerpoint Figure 2 (A) for intuitive and subjective direct judgment.
After treatment stages 1 and 2 (T1/T2), the two treatment groups were shown to be two months after the treatment was stopped at baseline (B1-B3) from the mean perspective of the zero meridian.
(B) the mean before and after differences in treatment phase 1 (t1-average baseline) and Phase 2 (T2-T1), and the treatment gain relative to the mean baseline (f-average baseline), depending on the treatment sequence.
For the logo, the difference is corrected.
Error bars = SEM.
Combination-CS
Standard processing order; SC, standard-
Order of combined treatment.
Analysis of performance changes between the mean baseline and the two post-baseline
Treatment measures showed a significant major effect on the measurement time (F (2,28) = 24. 90; p < 0.
0001) and interaction with the order of processing (F (2,28) = 12. 10; p < 0. 0001).
In contrast, we did not find the primary effect of the order of treatment (F (1,18) = 3. 53; p = 0. 077).
Different baseline levels in the two groups had no effect on differential treatment gain (F (1,17) = 0. 01; p = 0. 915, ANCOVA).
As shown in Figure 2A, the initial straight deviation of the two treatment groups decreased significantly after combined treatment.
After the first stage of treatment (T1), only the group that received the experimental treatment, rather than the group that received the standard treatment, the deviation was significantly reduced (t (9) = 3. 54, p = 0. 006 v t(9) = 0. 21, p = 0. 836).
After the second stage of treatment (T2), the group now receiving combined therapy (SC) also showed a significant reduction in deviation (t (9) = 5. 19; p = 0. 001).
Further improvement was also observed in the group receiving standard treatment (CS) with a slight left deviation (mean 0. 41 (1. 5)°; t(9) = 2. 70; p = 0.
023), thus indicating the post-effect of the previous combination treatment. Between-
The group comparison of the two treatment sequences always showed a greater reduction in SSA bias in the group receiving combined treatment compared to standard treatment (mean 7. 92 (1. 53)° to 10. 76 (2. 23)° v mean 0. 22 (1. 03)° to 2. 11 (0. 77)°; t(18) = 4. 23, p < 0. 0001;
See also Figure 2B ).
Two months later.
After treatment, a moderate increase in the right bias in the CS group can be observed.
However, there was no significant main effect or interaction between the last treatment measurement, follow-up and treatment sequence (maximum F (1,18) = 0. 43, p > 0. 50).
As shown in Figure 2B, the treatment gain remained stable relative to the mean baseline, independent of the treatment sequence (mean 7. 39 (1. 66)° to 7. 60 (1. 43)°).
Ignoring the chart in test base Figure 3 shows that group SC has better baseline performance than group CS in terms of cancellation, tactile exploration, and text reading.
Nevertheless, the separate ANOVAs did not show significantly different major effects and interactions (max F (1,18) = 3 ). 05; p > 0. 05).
Therefore, the result analysis is also based on the mean values of three baseline measurements per group of these tasks.
Download in the new tabDownload powerpoint the results of the neglect assessment of the two treatment sequences in figure 3 of figure open.
The two groups were shown reading at baseline (B1-B3), treatment (T1-T2), and follow-up (F and (C) texts.
For visual size estimates, the mean percentage deviation (D) is shown ).
Error bars = SEM.
Analysis of performance changes over time between the mean baseline and the two post-baseline
Treatment measurements showed a significant major effect on the measurement time, as well as a significant interaction between cancellation and tactile exploration and text reading (min F (2,36) = 6. 60; p < 0. 05).
The main effect of the treatment sequence was not significant (maximum F (2,36) = 0. 96; p < 0. 05).
ANOVA excluded the possibility that differential treatment gain was associated with different baseline levels in both groups (maximum F (1,17) = 0. 39; p > 0. 05). The within-
The group comparison of the above tasks shows a similar pattern of treatment effects over a period of time (figure 3, a to C panel): for each group, only after combined treatment (t (9) =-3,19, p 0. 05).
Figure 4 focuses on these results and illustrates the average difference before and after processing for each task and processing order with SEM.
For all tasks, in-
The group comparison of the two treatment sequences showed that the treatment effect after combined treatment was significantly improved (13. 5 (4. 2)% to 29. 5 (2.
16) %) and standard disposal (0. 9 (3. 6)% to 9. 7 (4.
5) %) (t (18) is between-8. 09 and 5. 86, p < 0. 05).
Download figureOpen figure 4 in the new tabDownload powerpoint for average pre-and post-treatment differences in treatment phase 1 (t1-mean baseline) and Phase 2 (T2-T1), as well as treatment gains in accordance with the treatment sequence.
Error bars = SEM.
In contrast to exploration and reading, both groups of patients had a worsening size estimate that persisted: no treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the mean percentage deviation from the reference rectangle (maximum F (2,36) = 0. 53; p > 0. 05).
All in all, these results suggest that combination therapy is
Training activities in non-daily life (text reading) and exploration
Visual mode (tactile search ).
In contrast, the effect of pure exploration training is limited to the visual pattern and the first treatment period.
Follow up will follow up to compare with last post
Treatment measures, ANOVAs failed to reveal significant major effects or interactions in any task (maximum F (1,18) = 2. 57; p > 0. 05).
As a result, all treatment effects remained stable after two months of follow-up.
Figure 5 of the therapeutic benefits in the search field shows the effect of the two treatments and their stability in the subsequent intervals in the search field of Proview and reverse.
These values are based on the same before and after differences as previously analyzed, but represent the overall average treatment gain.
Download Figure 5 in the new tabDownload powerpoint for the average effect of standard treatment and combined treatment in exploration tasks and text reading.
The impact was calculated as differences in t1-mean baseline, T2-T1 and f-mean baseline, respectively.
The result is presented on either my (right) side or the opposite (left) side of the stimulus array.
Error bars = SEM.
In cancellation, tactile exploration, and text reading, the additional effects of vibration were significantly higher than the standard treatment (t (19) = 3, regardless of the side of the search bar. 72, p < 0. 005).
On the left, the mean (SEM) percentage of "detected target" or "read word" changes between-0. 9 (4. 4)% and 7. 0 (4.
0) % between standard disposal and 21. 8 (5. 0)% and 27. 2 (5.
3) % after comprehensive treatment.
The range on the right is 2. 6 (2. 8)% to 21 (5.
17) % is standard processing and 13. 4 (4. 7)% to 33. 7 (4.
2) % of comprehensive treatment.
Comparing the treatment benefits of each treatment method and task on the right and left, respectively, we found that for text reading on the control side after comprehensive treatment and cancellation on the only side after standard treatment, only significant effects (t (19) =-3. 65 and 3. 37, p < 0. 005 v t (19) = 1. 47, p > 0. 05).
In subsequent operations, there are only minor changes (0. 26 (0. 94)% to 2. 5 (3.
(T (19) =-1) % associated with the last treatment was observed. 26; p > 0. 05).
Therefore, the benefit from treatment was between 18 relative to the mean baseline (SEM. 5 (4. 6)% and 35. 0 (5.
5) % on the (right) side of Proview, between 18. 4 (3. 4)% and 34. 0 (4.
8) % on the opposite (left) side of the search field.
Daily life questionnaire figure 6 illustrates the average change in scores associated with the daily life questionnaire subscale.
Positive/negative values indicate a decrease/increase in frequency of daily problems observed by patients.
A separate paired comparison of the differences before and after treatment showed that the "personal care", "contact and grasp" subscales were significantly improved compared to standard treatment (z ≤-2, "Spatial orientation" after joint processing ". 45, p < 0. 05).
In contrast, there was no difference in the treatment effect between the two treatments in the time direction (z =-1. 27, p > 0.
05), and only a trend of higher therapeutic effects of combined therapy on cognitive defects was observed (z =-1. 98, p = 0. 05).
Download the figureOpen figure 6 daily life activity (daily life) questionnaire in the new tabDownload powerpoint.
The average effect of standard treatment and comprehensive treatment, including personal care (PC), contact and grasp (RG), spatial orientation (SO), time orientation (TO), () awareness of the deficit.
The impact was calculated as differences between t1 baseline, T2-T1 and f-baseline, respectively.
Error bars = SEM.
Comparing the results of the last treatment with the follow-up measures, none of the groups showed any significant changes in any subscale (z ≥ 1. 55, p > 0. 05).
This is reflected in the difference score between the follow-up interval and the mean baseline, as shown in figure 6.
The inter-group comparison of treatment benefits confirmed the positive results of the "personal care", "contact and grasp" and "spatial orientation" scales.
"For these subscales, significant therapeutic effects will only be found if vibration is added to exploration training, while for the remaining subscales (to, A (U ≤ 22. 50, p < 0. 05 v U ≥ 26. 50, p > 0. 05).
Vibration effects and treatment gainsA series correlation analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between treatment gain in neglect tasks and individual sensitivity to vibration stimulation.
To this end, we associate the overall therapeutic effect of combined therapy on SSA, cancellation, tactile exploration, and reading with pre-treatment SSA deviation (SSAV) during vibration.
As no therapeutic benefit was observed, the horizontal size estimate was excluded from the analysis.
First, the relationship between the treatment effects of neglect tasks was studied.
No significant correlation was found (r = 0. 39, p > 0.
05), this shows that these tasks are to measure the different aspects of neglect.
Nevertheless, for all tasks, a significant correlation was found between SSAV and the benefit of treatment for combination therapy (SSA: r = 0. 86;
Cancel: r = 0. 57;
Tactile exploration: r = 0. 55; reading: r = 0. 52; p < 0.
05 in all cases ).
Interestingly, the difference between final treatment measures and follow-up assessment was not significantly correlated with SSAV (r = 0. 058, p > 0.
5 in all cases), this indicates that the long-term stability of the therapeutic effect cannot be predicted from the initial sensitivity to vibration.
However, while ignoring most of the interlinkages between tasks is still not
There was a significant, weak but significant correlation between SSA and the neglected task (cancellation: r = 0. 49;
Tactile exploration: r = 0. 51; reading: r = 0. 47; all p < 0. 05).
This pattern of outcomes may suggest that the recalibration of the body's vector face does, to some extent, determine the long-term stability of the therapeutic benefits in a wider range of clinical tasks.
In this cross-study, we examined the differential therapeutic effects of individual visual exploration training and visual exploration training combined with neck muscle vibration.
This result provides clear evidence that adding reverse neck vibration to the standard approach to treatment negligence can lead to additional and lasting treatment effects.
In addition, we found that the additional effects of vibration were transferred from the task of training (visual exploration) to the task of not training (text reading), from the visual mode to the tactile mode.
In addition, compared to the effects achieved only through exploratory training, this comprehensive treatment reduces the issues of self-care, contact and grasp, and spatial positioning in daily life.
These improvements are not the result of therapeutic "cost effects", as in the quest task and text reading, the improvement in the opposite left-hand exploratory behavior is not accompanied by the omission on the right-hand side of solicitus.
The increased improvements observed on the right side of the search bar can be explained by the severity of neglect in our patient sample.
While the exact nature of the distribution of orientation bias in neglect is still a controversial issue, it is well known that the apparent neglect will affect the solicitous and reverse half-space.
Observations suggest that most of our severely neglected patients showed a strong tendency to explore only the far right side of the stimulus display, regardless of the pattern in which the stimulus presented.
The observed improvements cannot also be attributed to practical effects or non-
Specific tips and wake-ups caused by vibration tactile stimulation or noise caused by the vibrator.
First, we use different tasks for treatment and evaluation.
Second, the specificity of neck vibration has been shown in previous studies that have not found a beneficial effect of twisting (left) hand vibration or noise from vibrators on the neglect of symptoms.
Third, our own results show the different effects of different treatment periods and neglect tasks.
In particular, the perceived dimensional distortion usually associated with neglect is not affected by vibration.
One possible explanation is that the nature of this task requires a distribution center reference system that can be separated from the self-centered representation.
43. the observation effect of neck muscle vibration on visual and tactile exploration in negligence is very consistent with the idea of vibration manipulating self-centered spatial movement conversion reference system by generating corrective headson-trunk signal.
In a series of experiments on normal subjects and patients who were neglected, Karnath and his colleagues compared the effects of heat stimulation and contraction of neck muscle vibration.
They proved that both methods led to a similar change in the distribution of exploratory eye movements on the stimulus side.
It is concluded that both of these stimulation methods affect the cortical structure in which the vestibular and the host sensory signals are fused with the incoming inputs of other modes to establish the outer space
The specificity of the vibration effect may also explain why our neglected patients still show moderate neglect after joint training in search tasks and text reading.
Even if more vibration therapy has a greater impact, other factors are likely to lead to neglect.
With regard to the extended impairment of most of our patients, we cannot rule out the possibility of the interaction between intentional impairment, 45 Universal low wake-up, 11 global and local attention processes, 46 even under 47 working memory leads to the remaining neglect and additional special treatment may be required.
48, 49 the relatively small benefit of neglected patients after isolated exploration training may be due to an important aspect of this treatment being learning compensation strategies.
In the case of serious neglect, the ability to obtain such a strategy is severely limited and 20 to 40 trainings are required to achieve measurable results.
Therefore, the emergence of beneficial effects requires a longer period of time than allowed in this study.
In this regard, there may be criticism of the lack of fairness in our design, as only 15 times were allocated per treatment.
However, the therapeutic effect of the exploratory training was observed mainly during the first treatment period, not during the second treatment period.
In addition, since exploratory therapy focuses on improving symptoms that interfere with visual scanning, it may not be able to improve the distorted spatial representation or key potential issues of attention defects.
Conclusion The vibration of the contracted neck muscles provides considerable potential for specific neglect rehabilitation, which can reduce neglect symptoms consistently and effectively compared with standard treatment.
Neck muscle vibration can be performed in parallel with other treatments and requires low-cost vibration techniques, such as vibration techniques for physiotherapy.
As an ideal add-on, it is ideal for clinical use
Neglect of rehabilitation techniques.
Thanks to the two anonymous referees for their comments on the earlier version of this manuscript.
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