Apraxia, agnosias, and higher visual function abnormalities - best toothbrush in the world

Cognitive Neurology mainly studies memory disorders (e. g. , are patients with poor memory due to early dementia or anxiety/depression?
) Or language (such as strokes ).
However, it should be remembered that other areas of cognition may be subject to selective damage.
This review will cover perceived disorders and high-order motor output disorders, including pathological loss and functional pathological gain.
Patients must be conscious in order to perceive the world around them.
The exploration of consciousness is beyond the scope of this article, although it has recently been reviewed by others.
Patients 1, 2 must also have the ability to participate selectively in order to focus on a part of the sensory organ.
Perception processing is then necessary to recognize what is perceived through various sensory patterns (I . e. , vision, hearing, touch, smell, taste, in this way, semantic knowledge can be obtained through understanding the environment. oas_tag.
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Initially, the perceptual information is basic and specific modal information, but when it is processed by the high-order Center, the meaning is attributed to the perception and the information becomes much moremodal (fig 1).
Ultimately, semantic knowledge is accessed using various sensory streams.
For example, if you stand on the path of an oncoming train, the basic perception will include visual information, hearing the arrival of the train and feeling the vibration from the ground.
These independent streams then gather together to access the relevant semantic knowledge so that individuals can understand what is happening.
In discussing perception, I will focus primarily on sight and hearing, as the clinical importance of the other three forms of perception is low.
Download figureOpen in the new tabDownload powerpoint figure 1, which shows sensory patterns that have access to semantic knowledge.
Perception is not a passive process, but a regulation of attention.
There is feedback from the higher-order center to the primary sensory cortex.
Attention also affects our perception.
There are many levels or sub-components of attention itself, including selective, divided, continuous attention, etc.
What is relevant to perception is selective attention, which is a process through which individuals pay special attention to specific areas of sensory experience rather than simply passively absorbing all of them.
Patients with subcortical dementia may lose this ability to participate selectively, resulting in distraction due to the inability to ignore background foreign stimuli.
In a way, we see what we expect to see.
For example, if we wait for someone in a crowded venue, we may have a few false affirmations about strangers because we are ready to meet friends.
Visual normal visual processing involves the transmission of signals from the retina to the striped cortex (V1 area) through the lateral knee-like nucleus.
In the visual cortex itself, there is initially a strong retinal localization, so the striped pillow lesions can lead to defects that are limited to the segment of the field of vision.
The out-of-stripe visual cortex is more organized by process than by field position.
That is to say, different regions of the striped outer cortex participate in color, motion perception, etc.
Therefore, out-of-motion defects can lead to visual defects, such as perception of motion, affecting the entire field of vision.
Generally speaking, the outer region of the stripe is divided into two types of streams: the "what" flow in the abdominal pillow participates in object recognition, and the "where" flow in the pillow participates in spatial processing.
3 The abdominal flow extends from below the calcarine crack to the medial frontal lobe, while the dorsal flow extends from the hyperlateral side of the striped cortex to the pillow and pillowPillow area.
Defects of visual processing, and how to test the defects of visual attention can lead to neglect, so that attention no longer points to the self
That is, body parts.
Or external objects such as food on a plate.
The left half field is almost always overlooked (Figures 2 and 3 ).
This can be explained by monitoring the right half step in the left hemisphere and the right half step in the right hemisphere.
Left hemisphere lesions still allow the right hemisphere to measure the entire field of view, so there is no neglect.
In contrast, the left hemisphere only monitored the right hemisphere when the right hemisphere was diseased;
Therefore, due to the lack of monitoring of the left half side speed, the phenomenon of left half side neglect occurs from time to time.
Download figureOpen in the new tabDownload powerpoint figure 2, left hemisphere damage does not cause a field of view defect, while right hemisphere damage causes left side neglect.
Download figureOpen in the new tabDownload powerpoint figure 3, and the right gyriform enhancement for right-side parietal myocardial infarction.
The examiner can clinically assess perceived negligence and negligence by moving one, another or two fingers in the left and right half fields and asking the patient which finger has been moved.
In visual extinction, the patient will notice that either finger moves alone, but only when presented at the same time will the finger in its right half-field of view be detected.
This is due to the fact that the only stimulus "extinguished" the opposite stimulus from consciousness.
Similarly, the line split task can be used in the clinic (Figure 4), as is the letter cancellation task in the visual array.
Drawing a clock face is another useful test (figure 5 ).
Download figureOpen in the new tabDownload powerpoint figure 4, ignoring that the patient did not "see" the left half, so when asked to place a cross in the middle of the line, he put it halfway along the "see" line.
That is three quarters along the line.
Download the new tabDownload figureOpen powerpointFigure 5 alert clock face instructions ignore.
Patients cannot pay attention to the left half cut and put the numbers all on the right side of the clock face.
Anosognsia means that patients cannot consciously identify the presence of physical dysfunction that indicates the course of the disease.
Patients with left limb paralysis caused by a stroke may not know their defect at all.
The denial of paralysis is often mainly, but not limited to, and non-
The main parietal lobe damage is considered as an obstacle to attention rather than an obstacle to perception.
By moving from the retina to the primary visual cortex through the lateral knee-like nucleus, a clear observation of any damage to the retina, visual neuropathology, or system affects vision.
While we are concerned about high-order visual defects, such confusions must be ruled out as part of general assessment and inspection.
Damage to the abdominal or dorsal flow of visual processing can lead to different clinical defects.
Abdominal fluid damage (figure 6) may result in defects such as object loss recognition, pre-recognition, loss of recognition and color blindness, while back flow defects (Figure 7) include
These issues will be discussed further below.
Download the new tabDownload powerpoint figure 6 figureOpen in ventral abdominal flow lesions: a computed tomography (CT) showing blocked posterior arteries in the left brain ).
Download figureOpen in the new tabDownload powerpoint Figure 7: a ct scan showing the left-hand parietal ridge tumor.
Abdominal loss recognition term recognition is a model used to describe a semantic knowledge specific to the inability to obtain objects or other stimuli that cannot be attributed to damage to the basic perception process --
That is to say, it is related to depriving the normal perception of its meaning.
Agnosias may apply to any sensory form, but here we will deal with visual agnosias first.
Visual agnostic can't be identified by visual objects they knew before.
They can neither produce unique semantic recognition information nor name perception.
Visual loss recognition is sometimes further subdivided into perceived visual loss, which involves defects in high levels of perception (usually extensive bilateral myocardial infarction) and Association visual loss, in the case of retaining the advanced perception, the perception cannot activate the semantic recognition information (usually the left front leaf ).
The word visual recognition is best limited to not accessing semantic information only by visual means, and the retained semantic knowledge can be accessed by other means such as hearing.
The so-called Association vision recognition is often a more common loss of semantic knowledge, and there is no ability to acquire this knowledge through any sensory means.
In diffuse hypoxia damage, such as carbon monoxide poisoning, there may be a common visual loss.
However, it is also possible to develop a more selective disorder.
In fact, defects may selectively impair the ability to recognize words or faces (I . e. , dyslexia, respectively) and may occur at local time (Figure 8 ).
Download the figure open in the new tabDownload powerpoint figure 8 axial magnetic resonance image (MRI) showing bilateral anterior lobe atrophy in patients with semantic dementia.
Visual cognitive tests include object naming and the ability to provide semantic information for unnamed items. Visuo-
Perception functions can be tested by asking patients to draw objects or copy graphics.
Patients can be asked to describe what they see and write their use silently.
If the holding object allows the patient to identify objects that are not visually present, this will be consistent with the visual recognition, not the loss of semantic knowledge.
(In the latter, no matter how the sensory input is, the identification information cannot be provided.
) Bedside testing may be effectively amplified by a formal neuropsychological assessment. Visuo-
The perception function can be matched by abnormal View testing, overlapping line charts, partial degraded or fragmented images, line direction judgment, face analysis, from different angles, as well as visual objects and space-aware batteries.
Alexei's language is a special symbol of the world around us, and it allows us to communicate our inner thoughts with others.
With regard to perception, language can be read or heard separately by means of sight or hearing.
Reading is a very complicated activity.
It requires the eye to focus on written words, perception, eye movements and central language in order to understand written words.
Defects in any of these areas will damage reading abilityAlexia.
Alexia can be peripheral (where it is difficult to transmit visual perception to a complete language center) or Central (due to damage to the language system) (Table 1 ).
Examples of peripheral alexia include impaired vision due to eye problems, or visual field defects, even if this does not involve central fixation.
Visual attention barriers such as visual neglect may also damage reading activities.
For example, ignoring the reading barrier causes the patient to be unable to read the left hand side of the word
For example, for a sister, the patient will only perceive-TER.
In sports, the ability to coordinate eye movements, such as loss of vision or scanning of eye movements, may also damage reading ability.
View this table: View the inline View pop-up table 1 types the type of dyslexia that does not have dyslexia represents a high level of visual defect that causes inability to read and is an example of dyslexia syndrome.
There is no way people can understand the written material here.
The patient can write what he sees, but he can't read back what he wrote.
This is a category-
A particular form of word visual loss recognition, similar in some respects to prosopsia.
This defect is caused by the inability of the perceptual information of the primary visual cortex to reach the language region --
That is to say, they are disconnected.
Patients can identify words that are spelled out loud, indicating that this is an access issue and not a major language defect.
Retained text instructions from the primary visual cortex to the front
The motor and motor cortex that controls the written movements are retained.
Refer to Figure 9, it is better to understand it.
Download figureOpen in Figure 9 of the new tabDownload powerpoint, which shows alexia's disconnection syndrome with no loss of association.
The written material seen was not accessible to Wernicke's area, resulting in alexia.
However, the fibers from the occipital cortex to the motor cortex are redundant, so the patient can write down what he sees.
This syndrome is usually accompanied by right homophones, abnormal color or color blindness, and lesions that affect the fibers of the left pillow and the back of the corpus.
This syndrome is rare and often overlooked.
Facial sensory impairment means that a patient cannot recognize a person by studying the face alone.
Once other means of recognition work (e. g. , if a person has a characteristic sound or gait, etc. ), this allows for unique semantic recognition information --
That is to say, there is no loss of knowledge.
Secret recognition of apparently unrecognized faces is supported by skin electrical response studies, which can be greater when looking at previously known faces, meaning that facial recognition may occur unconsciously
Prosopsia sia is best understood by using the current face recognition model (Figure 10 ).
It can occur in the pathology of the abdomen and pillow, especially on the right side.
4 download the figureOpen a facial processing model in the new tabDownload powerpoint Figure 10.
A face recognition device that causes damage to facial recognition.
Several other conditions previously considered to be the origin of the spirit are now considered organic, and cognitive neuropsychology now provides a credible explanation for their phenomena.
Capgras syndrome is a delusion of mis-identification, and the patient believes that the person who is familiar with it has been impersonated.
Attempts to explain this situation involve the theory of face recognition.
Often, it is claimed that when watching a face, a conscious stream leads to recognition, while an unconscious stream may evoke a feeling of sympathy if it is a favorite.
Usually, there is no conflict between these parallel streams, and recognition happens.
In Capgras, it is alleged that streams that are unconsciously processed may be harmed.
This may lead to a separation between the stream of consciousness identifying a person, such as a wife, and the lack of unconscious co-emotional acceptance.
There is a lack of consistency between the two streams (that is, it looks like a wife, but there is no empathy) so it may be addressed cognitively by arguing that a loved one has been taken over by an impostor (explaining discord.
The lack of consistency between the stream of consciousness and the stream of non-consciousness is attributed to the disconnect between the cognitive stream and the emotional stream, which are structurally represented by the right hippocampus and the marginal system, respectively.
Fregoli syndrome is a clinical mirror image of Capgras because the patient would accuse strangers of disguised as familiar people.
Metamorphosis is a situation in which a patient, while looking at a real face, has a subjective experience of deformation from one known face to another, it is considered to represent inappropriate activation of the face recognition unit.
The obstacle of color spot damage in the color system usually reflects the defect of the semantic system.
Color blindness refers to the loss of perception of color.
The patient usually describes this as black. and-
White TV.
The result is the lesion that affects the inside of the pillow.
The time zone, especially the shuttle.
Color loss recognition is not a perceived defect (as shown in the complete matching task), but reflects the loss of knowledge about color semantics.
This is indeed a semantic memory barrier for a specific category for color, and the word "color recognition disorder" is unfortunate.
In color anomalies, both perception and semantic knowledge about colors are retained, but only a flaw in color naming.
These defects can be tested by evaluating color discrimination, color knowledge, and color naming.
Defect of motor-aware back-flow disorder selective impairment of motor perception is rare and tends to be associated with damage in the region of the extra-grain visual cortex similar to V5-
That is, the lesion of bilateral pillow side area.
Patients may not have an impression of deep exercise or rapid exercise.
The fast target seems to be jumping instead of moving.
It is difficult to judge the speed and direction of the car.
Spatial Perception Disorder Syndrome is a spatial perception disorder that includes three aspects: Simultaneous perception (inability to fully understand complex scenes)
That is to say, only one component of the scene can be perceived at a time), optical ataxia (the visually rendered target cannot be reached by hand ), and eye movement loss (unable to point the line of sight to the visual target ).
Patients complain about visual difficulties and may have functional blindness.
They show a strange search head thrust through which their goal is to search their environment item by item (sometimes unfortunately compared to the head thrust of the hen looking for food,
Pathology is usually a superior on both sides. occipital.
This may be due to cerebral vascular disease caused by "watershed" myocardial infarction, or it may be the same neurological disease as the posterior cortical atrophy variant of Alzheimer's disease.
What is puzzling is that these garments and buildings "garments" are not the garments themselves, but visual space defects that cause difficulties in clothing and painting.
Dressing apraxia may be tested by asking the patient to wear a jacket with a sleeve deliberately turned out.
Bedside tests for building apraxia include drawing overlapping five corners, neck cubes, or clock faces.
Left hemisphere damage leads to simplified drawings, while right side pathology leads to "explosion" of the components of the drawings ".
Other high-order defects in visual topography diagnosis lost in a familiar environment may be due to defects in the abdominal or back visual association cortex.
Anton syndrome is a visually-limited no-sense disorder, and the patient denies that there is any visual impairment despite functional blindness.
It is related to the pathology that affects the primary visual cortex.
The existence of blind vision in this case is controversial, but it has been claimed that in the case of blindness caused by primary visual cortex damage, residual unconscious visual function may occur, subcortex structure, such as the lateral knee-like nucleus.
Visual gain of visual function leads to positive phenomena
Is illusion.
Visual hallucination is a strong organic disease.
Common causes include acute mental illness and Louis body disease.
Charles Bonnet syndrome includes positive visual phenomena occurring in areas with missing field of vision, both in whole and in part.
Due to eye pathology, it often appears in the elderly
Such as age-related amd.
Images are often complex, for example.
Animals, people and insights are usually retained.
Foot-sexual hallucination after a stroke in the middle brain may have vivid hallucination, which often occurs at night and has a tendency to disappear after a few weeks.
Normal hearing requires complete end organs that provide information to the primary auditory cortex.
Again, the information is initially represented by a strong tone, but when it is processed in the associated cortex specifically for the type of auditory information, it loses this
Voice, music, and environmental sounds, for example.
In the context of retained basic auditory perception, hearing loss recognition does not understand the meaning of sound is called auditory recognition.
Strictly speaking, Wernicke's aphasia is a language-auditory disorder, although language disorders are beyond the scope of this review.
In practice, the word "auditory loss recognition" is often applicable to non-verbal sounds—
For example, environmental sounds such as traffic and aircraft noise.
Most patients with this disease have bilateral auditory cortex damage.
The disease is usually acute and initially the patient is almost completely deaf.
That's deaf ears.
Often, however, this can improve the auditory stimulation that patients hear.
The hearing returned to normal (clinical tests were performed by the examiner ringing his finger behind the patient's head), but the patient still could not recognize the sound.
While there may be a specific category of restricted forms, most of the cases of auditory loss refer to a broad set of ambient sounds.
When you hear a voice, especially when threatened or accused, it is more likely that it is due to mental illness, organic illness may also be due to mental illness, organic illness may also lead to listening to sound, or it may
These may be of a musical nature and are related to temporal pathology, usually non-dominant.
Describes seven other sensory disorders --
That is, it is not possible to access the semantic knowledge of the project by touch, but when accessing the project by other means (such as vision), the semantic knowledge of the project is retained.
The hallucination extracted included the patient's perception of the human presence near them, but they could not see anyone, and indeed no one.
Although this has been reported in normal people under severe pressure such as Antarctic explorers, it has been well recognized in Louis body dementia.
The formulation of PARAXIASMotor motor function normal motor function action requires the willingness and intention to do such a task and to produce it in the anterior frontal cortex.
The signal is then used to activate the left front-end-
The parietal system, in turn, activates motor engram in the pre-motor cortex (e. g. , the motor pattern and order required to ignite the match ).
This was then fed to the primary motor cortex and the cortical spinal cord to the muscles, and was regulated from the small brain nucleus and the basal cortex.
Loss of motor function refers to the ability to complete skilled movements.
Dyspraxia refers to motor behavior that cannot be explained due to a lack of understanding of tasks, weaknesses, or loss of body feelings.
(Apraxia can even appear in the event of an additional deficit, such as hemiparesis, but eligible to become apraxia, the examiner must believe that it is impossible for hemiparesis alone to explain the obvious difficulty of performing the action.
) Many dyspraxia patients do not know about their defects, so the examiner should specifically ask the patient and the caregiver how the patient manages daily life activities such as brushing his teeth, grooming his hair, using kitchen utensils, etc.
Clinicians often miss Dyspraxia and then occupational therapists or physical therapists may detect-
For example, when a stroke patient is seen recovering.
The anatomy and pathology of anterior lobe or pre-frontal motor lesions were most often associated with dyspraxia (Figure 11 ).
It is believed that this is caused by loss of movement load or disconnection between practice systems.
Subfrontal fissure occurred in the leaves of the island and in the left subfrontal lesions.
Download the new tabDownload powerpoint figure 11 mri showing the left parietal artery-
Venous malformation
The most common causes of loss of use are stroke and nerve degeneration, such as Alzheimer's disease or cortical and nasal degeneration
Progressive isolated limb loss strongly suggests the latter.
It is worrying that the traditional branches of apraxia, especially the branches of ideology and ideology, are used in inconsistent ways.
Clinically, it is usually enough to describe only which body parts are affected (e. g. , limbs or mouth) and which movements are compromised.
If more detailed practical knowledge is required, the following cognitive neuropsychological models of practice and its defects may be helpful.
Practice is conceptually difficult, which may help the reader to make an analogy between the description of the following practice and a more widely understood language system.
Practice requires both a conceptual knowledge system of tool functions and actions (for example, the use of a screwdriver), and a production system, includes sensory motion action programmes related to the production and control of motion (I . e. the ability to move the limb through space in the right direction and at the right speed ).
10 How to check that dysprailit is impossible to reach any meaningful conclusion about the existence or absence of practice, unless the test of practice is explained in the rest of the neurological examination --
Therefore, a comprehensive examination of the nervous system is essential.
In view of the above confusion about practice segmentation, there is no clear consensus on how best to test practice.
However, if we use the above-mentioned action concept system (I . e. , knowledge of actions and tools) and the action production system (I . e. , the ability to implement a Movement Programme ), this provides a logical way to explore the patient's dyspraxia.
The following description of test practice is detailed and is more suitable for clinical research than clinical practice.
It is best to read in combination with Figure 12.
Download figureOpen in the new tabDownload powerpoint figure 12, which can be accessed in a variety of sensory ways.
Graham et al. tested the naming of the action, the tool usage specification (for example, "What would you do with a toothbrush?
And action recognition ("What is the correct action to brush your teeth?
The examiner imitates the target movements and distractions ).
Evaluate the action production system by hand and finger position imitation, familiarity with the execution of the action sequence (e. g. , "fold a piece of paper, put in an envelope and seal the envelope"), and the execution of a single familiar action.
By verbally ordering "show me how you will use a toothbrush", imitating the examiner's pantomime, further assessing the execution of a single familiar action, being able to use a mime while watching the tool "pretend you have this in your hand.
Tell me how you will use it "and use" take it in your hand, tell me how you will use it "through the actual tool ".
An easier way to test practice at the bedside is to let the patient imitate the gesture, or the gesture command.
The use of imaginary objects should also be tested.
The above should be done for both body movements and body movements.
Finally, sequencing tasks like Luria III-
Step tests or alternate hand movements can be performed.
Table 2 shows a series of useful commands that allow testing practice at the bedside.
View this table: View the inline View pop-up table 2 mode used to check the practice: "Show me how to pass the imitation test if the command is defective . . . . . . ".
Conceptual interpretation of the conceptual system results in impaired gesture understanding and discrimination, as well as defects in production.
It is difficult for patients to respond to commands and imitation, and it is not good to distinguish between poor performance and good performance behavior.
Patients may have content and tool selection errors and show a loss of knowledge about the movement of the tool object (e. g. , using a screwdriver as a hammer ).
The reserved tool naming indicates that this defect cannot be explained based on the object agnosia.
Patients may also show the loss of tool-object Association knowledge (for example, they may choose a screwdriver instead of a hammer when displaying partially driven nails ).
This is best referred to as conceptual loss of Association (although others use the term conceptual loss of association or even post-conceptual movement loss of association and retain the term conceptual loss of association for another disease ).
The most common thing in Alzheimer's disease is abnormal mental movement, which is related to the damaged motor production system.
Although it can also lead to production defects, both command and imitation, it can be distinguished from conceptual dynamic changes, as gesture understanding and discrimination are retained.
The production error of space and time may occur in the loss of consciousness movement.
The former includes posture errors
That is, the use of body parts as tools (such as using fingers as toothbrushes );
This may occur in normal controls, but if the condition persists when the patient is told not to, it is pathology ).
The spatial orientation (for example, keeping the scissors in a vector plane) and spatial movement (for example, when using a screwdriver, a defect may also occur when rotating on the shoulder rather than before/supporting the spin.
Timing errors are related to the fluidity of motion (for example, conventional sine motion should be used to cut bread with a knife ).
Damage that affects the premotor cortex may lead to this type of mobility disorder.
Some patients, such as those with dementia, often suffer from bilateral frontal lobe dysfunction and are unable to perform a series of behaviors in the correct order (e. g. , folding paper, placing envelopes, sealing envelopes ).
It is puzzling that this is called the conceptual apraxia, but it is actually a failure of execution of the familiar sequence of actions, and therefore a measure of the integrity of the action production system, and therefore, it is a disuse of ideological movements.
Conduction Loss of hearing this leads to a greater obstacle to imitation movements than the loss of hearing by language commands, similar to conduction loss of hearing.
The location of the lesion responsible is unknown.
Here, the patient is not able to command with normal gestures, but they can all perform well when imitating the examiner and using actual tools and objects.
This means that both the action concept system and the action generation system are retained, but it is not accessible by verbal command alone.
The left frontal and parietal areas are the dominant areas of higher order motor function.
The damage affecting the front callosum part does not impair the ability of the left hemisphere to control the movement of the right arm and leg.
However, callo tube damage can impair the ability of the left hemisphere to control the right premotor cortex, thus leading to this disconnection resulting in left side loss.
The "toxic gain" of the gain motor function of the motor function may occur in the frontal lobe, anterior motor, and motor levels (an example of the latter is a focal motor seizure ).
The prefrontal cortex may inhibit the ability of perception input to cause motor response
That is to say, it allows us to open up a path of autonomy in the world, not to be slaves to our environment.
Forehead lobe pathology can eliminate this inhibition, resulting in forcing (I . e. , Environmental dependence syndrome or forced use behavior) to act on the surrounding environment ).
A patient with this disease, when brought to the room by a hammer, nail and picture, hammer the nail into the wall and hang the picture.
If asked why he did it, he would say "I want to look at the items there and that's what you want me to do ".
12, 13 alien hand syndrome is usually associated with loss of use, in which the limb may perform an uncontrolled movement as if it had its own will.
On the one hand, serious alien hands can lead to manual competition, such as trying to limit the patient's anarchy hand, and on the other hand, trying to stop the patient under the control of will, but this situation is rare, and often occur briefly in the context of acute cardiovascular diseases.
Progressive isolated alien limbs are basically pathological features of cortical basal degeneration (Figure 13-15 ).
Download figureOpen in Figure 13 of the new tabDownload powerpoint, showing a marked atrophy of the forehead, but retaining the primary sensory motor cortex.
Download figureOpen in Figure 14 of the new tabDownload powerpoint, showing obvious brain atrophy.
Download the new tabDownload figureOpen powerpointFigure 15 bugd2-
Explanation of the reduced single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan
Synaptic dopamine receptor in patients with Parkinson's disease
Plus the syndrome, just like here is the degeneration of the cortex and nose.
In conclusion, while memory and language disorders often dominate cognitive neurology, it is important to have at least a working understanding of other cognitive deficiencies.
Obstacles to diagnosis and practice may lead to pathological loss or increased pathology of function.
Agnosias may involve any sensory form, not just sight.
The defects of visual processing are best divided into the obstacles of the abdominal "what" flow and the back "where" flow.
Agnosias can distinguish more central semantic defects by evaluating the same objects in different ways.
If knowledge can be acquired in other ways, then there is a pattern-specific disorder, not a multiple disorder.
Lack of semantics of speech words.
Apraxia is often missed during the acute phase as it can be covered up by coincidental hemiparesis.
In stroke rehabilitation, physical therapists usually notice this first.
The branch of Apraxia is confusing.
Perhaps the most logical breakdown is to go into the concept of action system (I . e. , semantic knowledge of tools and actions) or the production system of action (I . e. , the actual maneuver scheme required to perform the task ).
Progressive isolated alien limbs are highly suggestive of cortical and nasal degeneration.
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